Japanese grammar

Japanese grammar N1: 266 patterns on the JLPT framework

All 266 grammar patterns at N1 level (estimated on the JLPT framework) on GoMe. Open a pattern to see its structure, meaning, example sentences with furigana and common mistakes.

～に至るまでall the way to; extending even to (the extreme case)
～にいたってonly when it reached the critical stage of… did…
～にいたってはwhen it comes to the extreme case of… (even more so)
～をかわきりにstarting with…; kicking off with…
～をかぎりにas of…; with… as the final cutoff
～をもってby means of; as of… (formal cutoff)
～にそくしてin accordance with; closely following (reality/facts)
～にのっとってin conformity with; following (rules/tradition)
～にてらしてin light of…; judged against (rules/precedent)
～にかんがみてin view of…; taking into account (precedent/situation)
～にかこつけてunder the pretext of…; using… as an excuse
～にかまけてso preoccupied with… that one neglects…
～ならではuniquely possible by…; distinctive to…
～なくしてwithout…; not possible without…
～なしにwithout…; without going through…
～とあってbecause of the special circumstance/occasion…
～とあればif it is for the sake of… (one would readily…)
～とあってはif given such a situation, one cannot help but…
～とばかりにas if to say…; acting as if…
～ともなくwithout specific intent; unconsciously doing…
～ともなしにunintentionally; absentmindedly doing… (variant of ～ともなく)
～なりas soon as… (immediately)…
～やいなやthe moment…; no sooner had… than…
～がはやいかas soon as; no sooner had… than…
～そばからas soon as… (the opposite repeatedly happens)
～てからというものever since (a major change)…
～までもなくneedless to say; without needing to go as far as…
～にはおよばないno need to…; does not reach the level of…
～までもないno need to go as far as to…; unnecessary to…
～ずにはおかないwill definitely cause…; cannot help but make…
～ずにはすまないcannot help but do…; feel socially/morally obligated to…
～ないではおかないwill definitely cause…; cannot help but make… (variant of ～ずにはおかない)
～ないではすまないcannot help but do…; obligated to do… (variant of ～ずにはすまない)
～をきんじえないcannot help feeling…; cannot suppress (emotion)
～をよぎなくされるbe forced to…; be compelled to… (by circumstance)
～べくin order to; for the purpose of (formal)
～べくしてas bound to happen; inevitably
～んがためin order to…; with the aim of… (classical/formal)
～といえどもeven though…; even someone who is…
～たりともnot even a single… (smallest unit)
～めくshow signs of; take on the tone/air of
～と思いきやjust when one thought that…, unexpectedly…
ただ～のみonly; merely; nothing but
～が最後once… happens, that's the end of it
～まみれcovered with; smeared with (dirt/unwanted things)
～ともなるとwhen it reaches the level of…; once someone becomes…
～に足るworthy of; sufficient to…
～かたがたwhile at the same time; also partly to…
～たところでeven if… (it is useless / changes nothing)
～であれeven if it is…; regardless of whether it is…
～にたえないcannot bear to…; overwhelming (emotion/grief)
～ところをat the very moment when…; despite the circumstance of…
～とはいえthough it is said that…; nonetheless
～ものをif only…; and yet… (reproach/regret)
～ようがno matter if one…; even if…
～いかんdepending on; regardless of
～と相まってcombined with; coupled with
～をよそにindifferent to; paying no heed to
～ないまでもeven if not quite…; at least…
～たるin the position of; deserving of the title…
～まじきunbecoming of; should not be done by
～極まるextremely; immensely
～に（は）あたらないnot worthy of; no need to (worry/surprise)
～にかたくないnot hard to imagine; easily understood
～べからずmust not; prohibited (formal written)
～きらいがあるhave a tendency to; be prone to (negative)
～しまつだend up doing/being… (negative outcome)
～てやまないnever cease to…; sincerely and constantly…
～かいもなくin vain; despite all the effort
～だけましat least better than…; should be thankful that…
～をふまえてbased on; taking into account
～をおしてpushing past; despite (illness/opposition)
～を経てthrough; via; having gone through
～ことなしにwithout doing…; without…
～ではあるまいしit is not as though… so…
～（で）すらeven…; even so much as…
～ずくめcompletely covered in; full of; nothing but
～ながらにwhile remaining in; since (birth/origin)
～にもましてeven more than; more than before
～にひきかえin sharp contrast to; unlike
～はおろかlet alone…; not to mention…
～うが～うがwhether… or… (the outcome remains the same)
～うと～うとwhether… or… (the result does not change)
～かたわらon the side; alongside one's main work
～かれ～かれsooner or later; more or less (set phrase)
～だの～だのand so on; and what not (listing with a complaining tone)
～であれ～であれwhether… or…; no matter if… or…
～というか～というかor rather; whether you say… or… (hesitant phrasing)
～とも～ともneither… nor… (unclear / noncommittal)
～にしろ～にしろwhether… or…; either way
～にせよ～にせよwhether… or… (formal written style)
～につけ～につけwhether… or…; every time…
～のやら～のやらnot knowing whether… or…; wondering if…
～が～なら、～も～だlike… like…; both are equally terrible
～も～なら、～も～だboth… and… are equally at fault / terrible
～あっての～only possible because of…; owes its existence to…
～がてらwhile doing…; on the occasion of…
～からあるas much as…; at least… (emphasizing large amount/size)
～からするcosting as much as…; as expensive as…
～からの～as many/much as… (modifying a noun)
～から言わせればif you ask…; from the perspective of…
～ぐるみtogether with all…; the entire…
～こそあれalthough there is…; even though…
～こそ～がit is true that… but…
～こそすれmay indeed… but never…
～ごとき／～ごとくlike; as if (archaic/formal written style)
～じゃあるまいしit's not like…; it's not as if… (mild reprimand)
～だけではすまないcannot be resolved simply by…; not enough just to…
～でなくてなんだろうwhat else could it be but… (rhetorical emphasis)
～を兼ねてcombining with…; also serving as…
～といい～といいboth… and… (evaluating all aspects)
～という～the person/thing called…; named…
～というところだat most around…; roughly…
～といったところだabout… at most; roughly…
～といわず～といわずeverywhere / all the time; whether… or…
～ときたらas for… (expressing frustration/disapproval)
～とは比べものにならないcannot be compared to…; in a totally different league from…
～ともあろう～for someone who is supposed to be… (criticism)
～ともなればonce it comes to the level/position of… (naturally)…
～なしでは～ないcannot… without…
～なしには～ないcannot… without… (formal)
～ならいざ知らずit might be acceptable if…, but certainly not for…
～なり～なりeither… or… (suggesting options)
～なりともeven just a little; at least…
～に～を重ねて… upon … (repeated multiple times)
～にあってはin the circumstance of…; in the era of…
～にあるまじき～unforgivable/unbecoming for someone in the role of…
～にしてeven…; only at/upon…; being both… and…
～にして初めてonly after / only when… for the first time
～にすらeven…; even to…
～にとどまらずnot limited to…; extending beyond…
～によらずregardless of; irrespective of
～に先駆けてahead of; pioneering ahead of…
～に即した～… in line with; … tailored to (reality/facts)
～に言わせればif you ask…; according to…
～に限ったことではないnot limited only to… (also applies elsewhere)
～に限ったことでもないnot necessarily limited only to…
～に限る… is the best choice; nothing beats…
～を抜いた～… without…; … excluding… (noun modifier)
～を抜いてleaving out…; without…
～抜くdo… all the way to the end; persist through
～のいかんだdepends on…; rests upon…
～のいかんではdepending on…, (it may…)
～のいかんにかかわらずregardless of how…; irrespective of…
～のいかんによってはdepending on… (it could…)
～のいかんによらずregardless of… (without basing on A)
～のごとき～… like…; … such as… (noun modifier, formal/archaic)
～のことだからknowing…; since it's… (predictable based on personality)
～の手前in front of…; for the sake of appearances before…
～の極みthe height of…; the utmost…
～の至りthe pinnacle of…; utmost (overflowing emotion)
～はいざ知らずit may be so for…, but as for… (surprising)
～はさておきsetting aside…; leaving… aside for now
～はどうであれregardless of how…; anyway
～もさることながらnot only… but even more so…
～も兼ねてalso serving as…; also partly for the purpose of…
～も相まってcoupled with…; combined with… (all the more)
～をおいて他に～ないnone other than…; no one/nothing else besides…
～をものともせずにundaunted by…; in defiance of…
～を前提としてon the premise of…; assuming that…
～を前提にしてwith the assumption of…; presuming that…
～を境に(して)taking… as a turning point; ever since…
～を機に(して)taking the opportunity of…; prompted by…
～並みon par with…; average; standard
～前提でon the premise that…; under the assumption that…
～限り(は)as long as…; so long as…
～がてら（動詞）while doing… (connecting verbs)
～こそすれ（動詞）may indeed… but definitely not… (with verbs)
～させられるbe made to do…; be caused to feel…
～ざるを得ないcannot help but…; cannot avoid…; must…
～ずじまいended up never… (with regret)
～ずともeven without doing…; no need to… to…
～そうにないunlikely to…; seems hard to…
～そうもないhardly likely to…; very unlikely to…
～たことにするtreat as if…; pretend that…
～たら～たでif… then in its own way (has its own drawbacks)
～たらきりがないthere is no end to it if…
～たら最後once… happens, it's all over
～つ～つdoing… and… alternately (set phrase)
～てこそonly after… can one…; now that… one can…
～てはwhenever… happens, … repeatedly happens
～ては～、～ては～repeatedly… and then…
～てまでgoing so far as to… (in order to achieve something)
～てみせるwill definitely…; will show that one can…
～ないものだろうかisn't there some way to…?; I wish it were possible to…
～ないものでもないnot entirely impossible to…; might just…
～のない～… without…
～ばきりがないthere is no end to it if you…
～もしないでwithout even trying to…; without even doing…
～やしないdoes not… at all; by no means… (strong emphatic negative, casual)
～よう(が/にも)way to…; even if one tries to… (depending on form)
～ようか～まいかwhether to… or not (hesitating)
～ようが～まいがwhether one… or not
～ようがないthere is no way to…; impossible to…
～ようと～まいとwhether one… or not
～ようにもeven if one wants to… (cannot)
～ようにも～ないeven if one wants to…, one cannot…
～ようもないthere is no possible way to…; totally impossible
～がままにas it is; letting… take its course
～くらいならrather than…; would rather… than…
～ことのないようにso as not to…; in order to prevent…
～ときりがないthere is no end to it once you…
～なり（動詞）the moment one does… (immediately)
～にとどまらず（動詞）not stopping at doing…, but also…
～にも（動詞）even if one wants to… (cannot)
～にも～ないeven if one wants to…, one cannot…
～べからざる～that should not be…; impermissible (noun modifier)
～べく（動詞）in order to… (formal, with verbs)
～べくもないcannot possibly…; out of the question to…
～ものとするshall be deemed to…; it is prescribed that…
～きらいがある（動詞）tend to… (negative tendency, with verbs)
いつまで～のやらI wonder until when…; no telling when…
～が + 可能形particle with potential form (が or を)
～がゆえにprecisely because…; due to…
～がゆえの～… arising precisely because of…
～ごとく（比況）as if; like (adverbial simile)
～こととてbecause of…; since… (asking for pardon/understanding)
～ずにすむmanage without doing…; avoid having to…
～だろうとなかろうとwhether it is… or not
～つもりだ (convinced / believing)intend to…; be convinced / believing that…
～つもりでwith the mindset of…; as if…
～といったらありはしないindescribably…; nothing could be more…
～といったらありゃしないbeyond words; unimaginably… (casual)
～といったらないextremely…; beyond description
～ときているon top of that…; and what's more…
～とされるis considered to be…; is said to be…
～とするとassuming that…; if we suppose that…
～とすればif indeed…; supposing that…
～となったらonce it comes down to…; if it turns out that…
～となるとwhen it comes to…; if it comes to that…
～となればif it comes to that; once it becomes…
～とのことだI heard that…; it is reported that…
～とみえてit seems that…; apparently…
～とみられるis considered to be…; is seen as…
～とみるとas soon as one sees that…; once realizing that…
どんなに～うがno matter how much one may…; however much…
～と言わんばかりにas if wanting to say… (through attitude)
～と言わんばかりの～… as if to say… (noun modifier)
～ながらの～… while doing… (noun modifier); … unchanged from the past
～ながらもalthough…; despite…
～なくはないnot that it isn't…; can't say it doesn't…
～なくもないit is not that there is no…; not completely out of the question
～なら～なりにin a way appropriate to…; in one's own way
～には及ばない（不要）there is no need to… (unnecessary)
～に堪えないcannot bear to…; deeply / intensely (emotion)
～に堪えるworthy of; deserving of (reading/listening)
～に耐えるwithstand; be able to endure
～に至ったeventually reached; ended up resulting in…
～に越したことはないnothing is better than…; best to…
～に難くないnot difficult to…; easy to (imagine/understand)
～のは～ぐらいのものだonly… is the one that…; nothing else does…
～ば～ものをif only… would have… (regret/reproach)
～びた～… looking…; … with the air of… (noun modifier)
～びるtake on the appearance of; exude the air of
～ぶった～… acting like…; … posing as… (noun modifier)
～ぶってputting on airs of…; pretending to be… and (connecting)
～ぶりfor the first time in (time period); manner / style
～ぶるact like…; pretend to be… (disapproving)
～までだonly have to…; merely… that's all
～でもなんでもないnot… at all; nothing of the sort
～ものとしてassuming that…; on the premise that…
～て差し支えないno problem to…; acceptable to…
～折にon the occasion of…; when…
～極まりないextremely…; utterly… (often negative)
～に足りないnot worth doing…; negligible
～限りだfeel extremely…; nothing could be more…