Japanese grammar

What does ~ようか~まいか mean? Japanese grammar N1

~ようか~まいか means whether to… or not (hesitating).

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N1
StructureV意向形 + か + Vるまい + か
Romajiyouka maika
Meaningwhether to… or not (hesitating)

Forming it

Verb (group I)話そう + か + 話すまい + か
Verb (group II/III)受けよう + か + 受けまい + か

How to use it

States HESITATION between doing and not doing. The following clause is usually 「迷う/悩む」.

  • 「~ようか~まいか」 = torn over whether to do something or not. The following clause is almost always 「迷う/悩む/考える」 (to waver/agonize/think over).
  • Different from 「~ようが~まいが」 (N1-193, whether one does it or not, it's the same either way): this pattern expresses the STATE OF MIND of hesitation, not yet decided.
  • Group I attaches as 「Vる + まい」 (話すまい); group II/III can be 「Vるまい」 or 「Vまい」 (受けまい/受けるまい).

Examples

  • I keep going back and forth on whether to take the exam.

  • I agonized all night over whether to tell him.

Keep in mind

  • The clause that follows is 「迷う/悩む」 (to hesitate/worry).
  • Undecided — quite different from the 「ようが~まいが」 group.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong受(う)けようか受(う)けまいか、試験(しけん)は行(おこな)われる。

    Whether or not I take it, the exam will happen anyway.

    Correct受(う)けようが受(う)けまいが、試験(しけん)は行(おこな)われる。

    The meaning "whether one does it or not, it's the same" uses 「~ようが~まいが」; 「か~か」 expresses HESITATION.

  • Wrong受(う)けるか受(う)けまいか迷(まよ)う。

    I'm torn over whether to take the exam or not.

    Correct受(う)けようか受(う)けまいか迷(まよ)う。

    The first clause uses the VOLITIONAL form (受けよう), not the dictionary form.

Exam tips

  • 「ようか~まいか」 = torn over whether to or not; the following clause is 「迷う/悩む」.

Related patterns

All N1 grammar →