Japanese grammar

What does ~ごとき/~ごとく mean? Japanese grammar N1

~ごとき/~ごとく means like; as if (archaic/formal written style).

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N1
StructureN + の + ごとき + N
N + の + ごとく + 述語
Romajigotoki/gotoku
Meaninglike; as if (archaic/formal written style)

Forming it

Modifier (ごとき)氷 + の + ごとき + 冷たさ
Adverbial (ごとく)天使 + の + ごとく

How to use it

A figurative comparison, the classical literary form of 「~ような/~ように」. Formal, written style.

  • 「~ごとき/~ごとく」 is the CLASSICAL literary form of 「~ような/~ように」: 「ごとき」 modifies a noun, 「ごとく」 modifies a predicate.
  • Nouns attach with 「の」; verbs attach with the dictionary form/た-form + 「がごとく」.
  • In addition, 「私ごとき」 also carries a humble/disparaging nuance: "someone like me".

Examples

  • He smiled gently, like an angel.

  • An ice-like chill filled the room.

Keep in mind

  • ごとき → before a noun; ごとく → before a predicate.
  • Formal written style, not used in ordinary conversation.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong天使(てんし)ごとく微笑(ほほえ)んだ。

    She smiled like an angel.

    Correct天使(てんし)のごとく微笑(ほほえ)んだ。

    A noun must attach with 「の」 before 「ごとく/ごとき」.

  • Wrong氷(こおり)のごとく冷(つめ)たさが部屋(へや)に満(み)ちていた。

    An ice-like chill had filled the room.

    Correct氷(こおり)のごとき冷(つめ)たさが部屋(へや)に満(み)ちていた。

    Use 「ごとき」 before a NOUN; 「ごとく」 is used before a predicate.

Exam tips

  • 「ごとき+N」 / 「ごとく+predicate」 = like... (classical form of ような/ように); nouns attach with の.

Related patterns

All N1 grammar →