Japanese grammar

What does ~ことなしに mean? Japanese grammar N1

~ことなしに means without doing…; without….

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N1
StructureVる + ことなしに
Romajikotonashini
Meaningwithout doing…; without…

Forming it

ConnectionVる + ことなしに

How to use it

States that without A, B cannot happen. A formal double-negative expression.

  • 「Vる+ことなしに」 = without doing A. The following clause is usually negative: 「努力することなしに、成功は得られない」.
  • Also used to mean "continuously, never doing A": 「一度も休むことなしに走り続けた」.
  • This is the written-style equivalent of 「~ないで/~ずに」; in conversation, Japanese speakers say 「努力しないで」.

Examples

  • Success cannot be achieved without effort.

  • He kept running without taking a single break.

Keep in mind

  • Attaches to the dictionary form: 「努力することなしに」 — not the た-form.
  • The following clause is mostly negative — that's a telltale sign.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong努力(どりょく)したことなしに成功(せいこう)した。

    Correct努力(どりょく)することなしに成功(せいこう)した。

    Use the dictionary form before ことなしに.

Exam tips

  • 「ことなしに」 = without doing A (the following clause is usually negative); attaches to the dictionary form.

Related patterns

All N1 grammar →