Japanese grammar

What does ~であれ mean? Japanese grammar N1

~であれ means even if it is…; regardless of whether it is….

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N1
StructureN/na-adj + であれ
Romajideare
Meaningeven if it is…; regardless of whether it is…

Forming it

ConnectionN/na-adj + であれ

How to use it

States that whatever the condition may be, the conclusion still holds. Formal written style.

  • 「N/na-adj+であれ」 = whatever N may be. Very often used with question words: 「誰であれ」「何であれ」「どこであれ」「理由が何であれ」.
  • The listing form 「AであれBであれ」 = whether A or B: 「男であれ女であれ、条件は同じだ」.
  • This is the archaic imperative form of 「である」, so it only attaches to nouns and na-adjectives. Verbs use 「~ようが/~ようと」.

Examples

  • Whoever it is must follow the rules.

  • Whatever the reason, violence is unacceptable.

Keep in mind

  • Attaches directly to a noun: 「誰であれ」, not 「誰にあれ」.
  • Verbs don't use 「であれ」 — switch to 「~ようが」.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong誰(だれ)にあれ規則(きそく)を守(まも)る。

    Correct誰(だれ)であれ規則(きそく)を守(まも)る。

    A noun attaches with であれ.

Exam tips

  • 「であれ」 = whatever N may be (often with 誰/何/どこ); verbs use 「ようが」.

Related patterns

All N1 grammar →