Japanese grammar

What does ~かけ/~かける mean? Japanese grammar N3

~かけ/~かける means half-finished; in the middle of ~ing; just started to ~.

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N3
StructureVます形(drop ます)+ かけ
Vます形(drop ます)+ かけの + N
Vます形(drop ます)+ かける
Romajikake/kakeru
Meaninghalf-finished; in the middle of ~ing; just started to ~

Forming it

Noun form読む → 読みかけ(の本)
Verb form食べる → 食べかける

How to use it

Something that has started but is NOT yet finished, left halfway. Attaches to the ます stem.

  • 「Vかけ」 = left half-done. When modifying a noun, must add 「の」: 「読みかけの本」「食べかけのパン」.
  • 「Vかける」 conjugates like a Group II verb: 「言いかけてやめた」 (started to say something then stopped), 「消えかけている」 (about to go out).
  • With verbs describing an instantaneous event, 「かける」 carries the meaning "nearly/about to": 「死にかける」 (nearly died), 「倒れかけた」.

Examples

  • A half-read book is lying on the desk.

  • He started to say something, then stopped.

Keep in mind

  • Modifying a noun requires 「の」: 「読みかけの本」, not 「読みかけ本」.
  • Attaches to the ます stem, not the dictionary form.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong読(よ)むかけの本(ほん)があります。

    I have a book I'm reading halfway through.

    Correct読(よ)みかけの本(ほん)があります。

    「かけ」 attaches to the ます STEM 「読み」, not the dictionary form.

  • Wrong食(た)べかけパンを捨(す)てた。

    I threw away the half-eaten bread.

    Correct食(た)べかけのパンを捨(す)てた。

    When modifying a noun, 「の」 is required.

Exam tips

  • 「Vかけ」 = left half-done; needs 「の」 to modify a noun, attaches to the ます stem.

Related patterns

All N3 grammar →