Japanese grammar

What does ~てはならない mean? Japanese grammar N2

~てはならない means must not…; is not allowed to… (a formal prohibition).

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N2
StructureVて + はならない
Vて + はならぬ (classical)
Romajitehanaranai
Meaningmust not…; is not allowed to… (a formal prohibition)

Forming it

Prohibition吸う → 吸ってはならない

How to use it

A prohibition based on a general rule, moral principle, or law. Written style; not used for reminding an individual.

  • 「Vてはならない」 = must not: 「戦争の悲劇を繰り返してはならない」. The one prohibiting is SOCIETY/the law, not the individual speaker.
  • In everyday conversation 「~てはいけない」 is used; 「てはならない」 sounds like a legal text or a moral admonition.
  • The opposite is 「~なければならない」 (must).

Examples

  • We must never repeat the same mistake.

  • Private conversation is not permitted during the exam.

Keep in mind

  • Written language/general rules.
  • For reminding someone face-to-face, use 「てはいけない」.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong(子(こ)どもに)お菓子(かし)を食(た)べてはならないよ。

    You're not allowed to eat sweets, okay?

    Correct(子(こ)どもに)お菓子(かし)を食(た)べてはいけないよ。

    For reminding an individual, use 「てはいけない」.

  • Wrongタバコを吸(す)うてはならない。

    Smoking is not permitted.

    Correctタバコを吸(す)ってはならない。

    Must attach the correctly conjugated て FORM.

Exam tips

  • 「てはならない」 = prohibited (general rule, written style); for an individual use 「てはいけない」.

Related patterns

All N2 grammar →