Japanese grammar

What does ~ことに(は) mean? Japanese grammar N2

~ことに(は) means remarkably, …! (opens with an emotional reaction).

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N2
StructureVた + ことに、~
い形 + ことに、~
な形 + な + ことに、~
Romajikotoni(ha)
Meaningremarkably, …! (opens with an emotional reaction)

Forming it

Verb驚いた → 驚いたことに
i-adjectiveうれしい → うれしいことに
na-adjective残念 → 残念なことに

How to use it

Places an EMOTION at the start of the sentence before describing the event. Only used with emotion words; written style.

  • 「~ことに」 comes at the START of the sentence: 「驚いたことに、彼は一位だった」 (to my surprise, he came in first place).
  • Only combines with emotion words: 驚いた・困った・うれしい・悲しい・残念な・幸いな. It does not combine with ordinary verbs — 「食べたことに」 is incorrect.
  • Do not confuse this with 「ことに+verb」 (nominalization + particle): 「彼が帰国することに驚いた」 — there, 「こと」 is a nominalizer, not the exclamatory pattern. The catalog mistakenly illustrates this other usage instead.

Examples

  • To my surprise, I hear he climbed the mountain all alone.

  • Unfortunately, the match was cancelled due to rain.

Keep in mind

  • Placed at the start of the sentence, followed by 「、」.
  • Only combines with emotion words.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong彼(かれ)はたった一(ひと)人(り)で山(やま)に登(のぼ)ったそうだ、驚(おどろ)いたことに。

    To my surprise, I hear he climbed the mountain alone.

    Correct驚(おどろ)いたことに、彼(かれ)はたった一(ひと)人(り)で山(やま)に登(のぼ)ったそうだ。

    The exclamatory pattern 「ことに」 must be placed at the START of the sentence, not moved to the end.

  • Wrong食(た)べたことに、おいしかった。

    Happily, the food was very delicious.

    Correctうれしいことに、とてもおいしかった。

    Only combines with emotion words.

Exam tips

  • 「驚いたことに、~」 = to my surprise…; the emotion word comes at the START of the sentence.

Related patterns

All N2 grammar →