Japanese grammar

What does ~かいもなく mean? Japanese grammar N2

~かいもなく means in vain…; all for nothing.

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N2
StructureVた + かいもなく
Nの + かいもなく
Romajikaimonaku
Meaningin vain…; all for nothing

Forming it

Noun努力 → 努力のかいもなく
Verb苦労した → 苦労したかいもなく

How to use it

Puts in a lot of effort, but the result is the opposite. Always carries regret.

  • 「かいもなく」 = the effort was wasted. The second clause is a BAD result: 「長い間苦労したかいもなく、失敗してしまった」.
  • This is the exact opposite of 「かいがあって」 (N2-107) — remember the two patterns as a pair.
  • A noun connects with 「の」; a verb uses the た form. A more formal version is 「~かいなく」.

Examples

  • Despite all the long effort, the plan ended in failure.

  • Despite all the effort, the record did not improve.

Keep in mind

  • The following clause must be a bad result.
  • Nouns connect with 「の」.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong努力(どりょく)かいもなく、失敗(しっぱい)した。

    The effort was for nothing — I failed.

    Correct努力(どりょく)のかいもなく、失敗(しっぱい)した。

    A noun must connect via 「の」.

  • Wrong苦労(くろう)したかいもなく、成功(せいこう)した。

    The hard work paid off, and I succeeded.

    Correct苦労(くろう)したかいがあって、成功(せいこう)した。

    A good result uses 「かいがあって」.

Exam tips

  • 「かいもなく」 = the effort was wasted (a BAD result); paired opposite of 「かいがあって」.

Related patterns

All N2 grammar →