Japanese grammar

What does ~ことなく mean? Japanese grammar N2

~ことなく means without ever…; not once… (written style).

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N2
StructureVる + ことなく
Romajikotonaku
Meaningwithout ever…; not once… (written style)

Forming it

Basic form休む → 休むことなく

How to use it

The written-style version of 「~ないで」: doing something entirely without the other action.

  • 「Vることなく」 = without... 「彼は一度も休むことなく走り続けた」. Connects to the DICTIONARY FORM, not the negative (ない) form.
  • Formal written style — conversation uses 「~ないで」. Often paired with 「一度も・少しも・最後まで」.
  • Different from 「~ことなしに」 (N1-074): 「ことなしに」 emphasizes the condition "without A, B is impossible", while 「ことなく」 simply describes something not happening.

Examples

  • He kept running to the end without resting even once.

  • She left the room quietly without saying anything.

Keep in mind

  • Connects to the dictionary form: 「休むことなく」.
  • Conversation uses 「ないで」.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong彼(かれ)は休(やす)まないことなく走(はし)った。

    He ran without ever resting.

    Correct彼(かれ)は休(やす)むことなく走(はし)った。

    Connects to the dictionary form, not the negative (ない) form (「なく」 already carries the negation).

  • Wrong(友達(ともだち)に)何(なに)も言(い)うことなく帰(かえ)ったよ。

    He went home without saying anything.

    Correct(友達(ともだち)に)何(なに)も言(い)わないで帰(かえ)ったよ。

    Casual conversation uses 「ないで」.

Exam tips

  • 「ことなく」 = without (written style); connects to the DICTIONARY form.

Related patterns

All N2 grammar →