Japanese grammar

What does 謙譲動詞(参る・申す・いただく・拝見する…) mean? Japanese grammar N4

謙譲動詞(参る・申す・いただく・拝見する…) means special humble verbs.

Quick facts
Level (estimated, JLPT framework)N4
Structure行く/来る → 参る
言う → 申す
もらう → いただく
食べる/飲む → いただく
見る → 拝見する
する → いたす
いる → おる
知っている → 存じている
会う → お目にかかる
あげる → 差し上げる
Romajikenjō dōshi
Meaningspecial humble verbs

Forming it

する group拝見する → 拝見します, いたす → いたします
Regular conjugation参る → 参ります, 申す → 申します, おる → おります

How to use it

A group of verbs that already have their own dedicated humble form, used for one's own actions.

  • Learning this group in PAIRS with the respectful verbs in N4-068 is the most effective way, because both exams and real life require distinguishing between the two sides.
  • Pairs to memorize: 行く/来る → いらっしゃる (someone else) ↔ 参る (yourself); 言う → おっしゃる ↔ 申す; 食べる/飲む → 召し上がる ↔ いただく; 見る → ご覧になる ↔ 拝見する; いる → いらっしゃる ↔ おる; する → なさる ↔ いたす.
  • いただく has two roles: (a) the humble form of もらう — receiving from someone above you; (b) the humble form of 食べる/飲む. The phrase いただきます before a meal is exactly meaning (b). The counterpart of meaning (a) is くださる — someone above me GIVING to me.
  • Context: this group is "workplace language". In job interviews or work emails, using this group correctly is a big plus; using it in the wrong direction is a heavy minus.

Examples

  • Nice to meet you, my name is Nam.

  • I received a good dictionary from my teacher.

  • I have read your email. Thank you.

  • I will be in the meeting room, so please call me anytime.

Keep in mind

  • Distinguishing いただく from くださる — this is where Vietnamese learners make the most mistakes: 先生が本をくださいました (the teacher GAVE me, subject = the teacher) = 先生に本をいただきました (I RECEIVED from the teacher, subject = me). Same event, two viewpoints, two different particles.
  • おる is also used as the humble form of ~ている: 待っております (I am waiting, humbly).

Common mistakes

  • Wrong先生(せんせい)が本(ほん)をいただきました。

    The teacher gave me a book.

    Correct先生(せんせい)が本(ほん)をくださいました。

    The subject is the teacher (the giver), so くださる should be used. いただく is only used when the subject is myself (the receiver).

  • Wrong田中(たなか)先生(せんせい)は何(なん)と申(もう)しましたか。

    What did Professor Tanaka say?

    Correct田中(たなか)先生(せんせい)は何(なん)とおっしゃいましたか。

    申す is the humble form for your own words. The teacher's words must use the respectful おっしゃる.

Exam tips

  • Memorizing the respectful ↔ humble pairs of 8 verbs (行く/来る/いる/言う/食べる/見る/する/もらう) covers almost all honorific sentences in the N4 exam.

Related patterns

All N4 grammar →